Is Intelligence Only Found in a Universe with a Slight Manufacturing Defect?
In Are We Living in a White Hole Formed From a Black Hole in a Previous Universe?, The Theology of Cosmic Self-Replicating Mathematical Information, The Self-Organizing Recursive Cosmos, The Self-Organizing Recursive Cosmos - Part II, What's It All About? and What's It All About Again?, I outlined my current working hypothesis that our Universe is just one instance in a Multiverse composed of self-replicating mathematical information that has always existed and always will. In my current working hypothesis, this endless creation is facilitated by Lee Smolin's hypothesis that a black hole in one universe can pinch off as a white hole to form a new universe as presented in his classic Life of the Cosmos.
Life of the Cosmos (1997)
https://tkececi.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/the-life-of-the-cosmos.pdf.
This happens for all black holes, but most form a white hole universe that immediately collapses or blows itself apart into nothingness. Only newly formed white-hole universes that can surpass these hurdles can have a chance of survival. So, a newly formed universe that can survive this process and that is good at making black holes will have a Darwinian advantage over those universes that are not able to do so. This is why the Multiverse should be found to be composed of universes that are very good at producing black holes and which are composed of self-replicating mathematical information that is very suitable for black hole creation.
Figure 1 - In Lee Smolin's the Life of the Cosmos he proposes that the black holes of one universe puncture the spacetime of the universe, causing a white hole to appear in a new universe.
Figure 2 - As the white holes expand.
Figure 3 - They eventually pinch off to form new baby Universes.
Figure 4 - If our Universe is a white hole formed from a black hole in a previous universe, the expansion rate of our Universe varied greatly over the past 13.7 billion years. For example, just after the Big Bang of our white hole, our Universe went through a period of Inflation that expanded the Universe by a factor of 1026 in 10-32 seconds! It then continued to expand at a slowing rate for about 9 billion years. Then, about 5 billion years ago, the expansion rate began to increase. In the above figure, this varying rate of expansion is displayed in the curvature of the envelope surrounding our Universe. Notice the dramatic expansion of the envelope during Inflation and that after 9 billion years of expansion, the envelope is now bending upwards as the expansion rate accelerates. Click to enlarge.
However, in this post, I would like to slightly modify my current working hypothesis by applying an additional constraint to my current hypothetical model. This necessary constraint arises from Brandon Carter's infamous Weak Anthropic Principle (1973):
The Weak Anthropic Principle - Intelligent beings will only find themselves existing in universes capable of sustaining intelligent beings.
This is because of the recent findings that we have made about black holes in our particular Universe by the James Webb Space Telescope and other recent observations from other astronomical instruments. New research has recently revealed that the supermassive black holes found at the centers of nearly all galaxies seemed to have first started as intermediate-sized black holes that resulted from the direct collapse of large massive clouds of matter shortly after the Big Bang of our Universe. Until recently, black holes came in two sizes. Stellar-sized black holes result from the collapse of very massive O stars or the collision of two neutron stars and come in the range of 5 - 20 solar masses, with an upper limit of about 100 solar masses. Supermassive black holes are found in the centers of galaxies and range in mass from millions to billions of solar masses. Until recently, the problem for cosmology was that it was very difficult to explain how stellar-sized black holes in the range of 5 - 20 solar masses could evolve into the huge supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies. But recent observations and research now indicate that intermediate-sized black holes in the range of 100 to 100,000 solar masses do indeed exist. This new research proposes that intermediate-sized black holes first formed very quickly, before any stars, right after the Big Bang, by the direct collapse of huge clouds of gas. Thus, these intermediate-sized black holes were able to skip over the lengthy process of stellar evolution to produce stellar-sized black holes that then went on to combine into more massive black holes. These initial intermediate-sized black holes then began to build the early galaxies of our Universe from the stars that collapsed from the residual gas that did not initially collapse into intermediate-sized black holes.
These intermediate-sized black holes and the surrounding stars of these early star-forming galaxies then both grew in size. The intermediate-sized black holes slowly grew into the present-day supermassive black holes found at the centers of nearly all galaxies. At the same time, the residual gas in molecular clouds rotating about these growing black holes collapsed into open clusters of newly formed stars. The end result is that the modern galaxies of our present Universe resulted from the original direct collapse of very massive clouds of initial cosmic gas into intermediate-sized black holes and the subsequent collapse of any remaining residual gas formed by our Big Bang into stars.
Why is this Adjustment Necessary?
According to Lee Smolin's hypothesis in Life of the Cosmos, the universal Darwinian mechanisms of inheritance, innovation and natural selection should naturally select for universes that result from black holes and that should be very good at producing new Universes that are also very good at producing even more black holes. Now, all of the scientific observations and findings of the past 100 years seem to indicate that our Universe is very good at producing black holes. However, recent observations and research now show that our Universe produces intermediate-sized black holes in a rather defective manner that is not 100% efficient. According to Lee Smolin's hypothesis, a universe that immediately produces intermediate-sized black holes with 100% efficiency from the initial matter arising from a new Big Bang universe would be seen as the ideal to arise from the Darwinian forces of inheritance, innovation and natural selection. But as we all know, achieving perfection is not easy because of the second law of thermodynamics. According to the second law of thermodynamics, there are nearly an infinite number of ways to do things that are nearly perfect but not exactly so. So, in a Multiverse of Universes, there should always arise some defective universes that slightly miss the mark of perfect black hole generation.
My new suggestion is that we human DNA survival machines on the Earth must be living in such a slightly defective Universe. If our Universe had been 100% efficient in creating intermediate-sized black holes from the matter created in our Big Bang, then there would be no leftover matter in our Universe to form the stars and chemical elements from which we came. In this view, only slightly defective universes can produce Intelligence, and therefore, in keeping with the Weak Anthropic Principle, Intelligences will only find themselves in such slightly defective universes.
Figure 5 - Stellar-mass black holes are thought to form when a Type II supernova collapses into a black hole when massive stars with a mass of 3 - 100 solar masses run out of nuclear fuel to fuse. As these stars run out of nuclear fuel, they form an onion-like structure of heavier and heavier nuclei. But iron Fe nuclei cannot be fused to produce energy, and when that happens, the entire star collapses under its own weight and is blown apart by huge numbers of neutrinos. Aluminum-26 is produced in this process and is then blown out into the interstellar medium.
Figure 6 - Type II supernovas happen about every 50 years in our galaxy.
Figure 7 - Above are some very massive stars in the Orion Nebula that are 10 - 30 solar masses. These stars will quickly burn up all of their nuclear fuel in just a few million years and then produce type II supernovas.
Figure 8 - Stellar-mass black holes can also form when two neutron stars collide to form a black hole. This only happens about once every 30 million years in our galaxy.
Figure 9 - Supermassive black holes are found at the center of nearly all galaxies. More massive galaxies are found to have more massive supermassive black holes at their centers.
Figure 10 - The current model is that the supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies formed from the accumulation of stellar-sized black holes after the first supermassive O stars formed and collapsed into black holes. The challenge for this hypothesis is the limited time available for such to happen. The new model proposes that intermediate-sized black holes formed first by the direct collapse of huge gas clouds before any stars had even formed. Click to enlarge.
Figure 11 - We may have detected an intermediate-sized black hole form from direct collapse in the Infinity Galaxy shown above. The recently discovered Infinity Galaxy appears to be two galaxies in collision that look somewhat like the mathematical infinity sign. Each galaxy seems to have its own central supermassive black hole, but between the two, there appears to be an intermediate-sized black hole that formed from the direct collapse of the colliding gas clouds of both galaxies.
Here is a very good YouTube video by Dr. Becky that covers more of the above:
What came first, the galaxy or the black hole? JWST tackles astrophysics’s “chicken or egg” question
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9yDWbilIG4
In the video, Dr. Becky discusses the paper below:
JADES reveals a large population of low mass black holes at high redshift
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.22147
Now, eventually, even our somewhat defective Universe will ultimately be reduced to black holes and photon radiation, but this will take a very long time. Thus, universes that are more efficient at creating black holes by direct collapse just after their Big Bang should come to dominate the Multiverse. Such universes will just not contain any Intelligences to take note of that fact.
Me:
How long is it thought to be for our Universe to be completely reduced to black holes and photon radiation?
ChatGPT:
The Black Hole Era (~1040 → ∼10100 years)
Most matter has either been swallowed by black holes or ejected into intergalactic space.
Black holes dominate as the largest remaining energy reservoirs.
Over time, Hawking radiation causes black holes to evaporate:
Stellar-mass black holes last ∼ 1066 years.
Supermassive black holes (up to ~1010 solar masses) last up to ~10100 years.
Conclusion
Many have pondered why our Universe seems to be so fine-tuned to support Intelligences such as ourselves. But in my new current working hypothesis, I counter that we are actually living in a slightly botched Universe that is lying in the discard bin along the endless assembly line of new universes coming to be.
Comments are welcome at scj333@sbcglobal.net
To see all posts on softwarephysics in reverse order go to:
https://softwarephysics.blogspot.com/
Regards,
Steve Johnston
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